Wall flora primarily consists of herbaceous plants that grow on walls or old brick structures. Sometimes, after secondary succession, woody or shrubby plants may also develop. It begins with pioneering plants like mosses. As dust and organic material accumulate around crevices on walls, seeds of plants germinate during the monsoon months, typically between June and August. The flowering and fruiting period for these plants is from September to November.
In Bangladesh, about 200 angiosperm species across 40 families have been recorded as wall flora. Dicotyledonous plants dominate over monocotyledonous ones, with a ratio of approximately 6:1. Among the monocotyledons, grasses and sedges are predominant. Within the dicotyledons, the most common species belong to families like Compositae (Asteraceae), Euphorbiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, and Amaranthaceae. Some pteridophytes such as Adiantum, Pteris, Cheilanthes, Christella, and Drynaria are also frequently found growing on walls.
This diverse flora plays an important ecological role in urban and rural environments by contributing to biodiversity and ecosystem balance